Impacto de la Inmunoterapia en el Tratamiento del Melanoma: Una Revisión de Alcance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55892/jrg.v8i18.2083Palabras clave:
Neoplasias; Melanoma; Imunoterapia, Revisión de alcanceResumen
Contexto: El melanoma presenta una baja incidencia en comparación con otras neoplasias, pero es responsable de aproximadamente el 80% de los fallecimientos relacionados con el cáncer de piel, debido a su rápido proceso metastásico y alta letalidad. En los últimos años, las terapias inmunológicas han revolucionado el tratamiento del melanoma, destacándose especialmente los enfoques combinados con quimioterapia y radioterapia.
Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto y la eficacia de la inmunoterapia en el tratamiento del melanoma, mediante el análisis de ensayos clínicos, pruebas farmacológicas y revisiones recientes.
Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, tipo revisión de alcance, conducido conforme a la directriz PRISMA-ScR. La búsqueda se realizó en la base de datos PubMed, utilizando criterios de elegibilidad que incluyeron artículos publicados en inglés entre 2019 y 2024, relacionados específicamente con la inmunoterapia aplicada al melanoma.
Resultados: Se identificaron 89 artículos. Se abordaron diversas estrategias terapéuticas, incluyendo combinaciones entre inmunoterapia, terapias dirigidas, radioterapia y linfocitos infiltrantes de tumor (TILs), además de tecnologías emergentes como el scRNA-seq y el uso combinado de anti-PD-1 y anti-LAG-3. Estos métodos mostraron resultados prometedores, con mejoras significativas en el pronóstico de los pacientes, aunque aún existen desafíos por superar.
Conclusión: Las evidencias crecientes apuntan al gran potencial de la inmunoterapia en el tratamiento del melanoma. Sin embargo, los efectos adversos de grado 3–4 observados en parte de los pacientes indican que se requieren nuevos avances para mejorar la seguridad y la eficacia de estas estrategias.
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